Some non-dispensationalists have argued that since Gentiles are “sons” and “descendants” (or “seed”) of Abraham they must also be spiritual Jews.76 Dispensationalists, however, have contested this understanding. They have done so by challenging the idea that being a “son” or “seed” of Abraham automatically makes one a Jew. Saucy, for example, asserts that Abraham’s fatherhood goes beyond being the father of ethnic Israel since the patriarch trusted God before he was circumcised:
