Dispensationalists point out that the concept of “seed of Abraham” is used in several different ways in the New Testament, and that context determines which meaning is in mind. Fruchtenbaum, for example, lists four senses of “seed of Abraham.” First, he says it can refer to those who are biological descendants of Abraham.79 Second, it can refer to the Messiah, who is the unique individual seed of Abraham (Gal. 3:16). 80 Third, Fruchtenbaum says it can refer to the righteous remnant of Israel (cf. Isa 41:8 with Rom 9:6). 81 Fourth, it can be used in a spiritual sense for believing Jews and
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