This Second Temple lasted 585 years until the Romans destroyed it in 70 ce. During this age, Jews lived successively under Persian (539–331 bce), Hellenistic (331–170 bce), and Roman rule (63 bce–70 ce). Only for a brief interlude, between 166–63 bce, did Jews experience any kind of autonomy under the Maccabaean rule and Hasmonaean dynasty.
