High levels of inequality, which are characteristic of disintegrative phases, are destructive of cooperation. The prevailing “partisan” social mood (see Chapter 2) is not conducive to shared sacrifice. The wealthy segments of the population are primarily interested in reducing their taxes. The political elites do not send their children into the military. Impoverished commoners and frustrated elite aspirants, likewise, withdraw their cooperation by dodging the draft and avoiding taxes. The legitimacy of the state is low and patriotism is trumped by sectarian attitudes.
4th turning
