The discussion charted a history from Radical Design in the Italian tradition; Anti-Design, New Design, and Conceptual Design in the German and Dutch traditions; and critical practice in HCI, Interaction Design, and Critical Technical Practice. Associative, speculative, and critical design projects carried out today are heavily influenced by the methods and approaches developed in these preceding practices and are influenced by the anti-capitalist, anti-commercial, ethically led, and activist ideologies that informed these earlier modes of critical practice.
