people who identified as Polish living in Russia became discontent and wanted more liberties and independences back for the Polish nation that existed prior to the partitioning of Poland, it created a disarray in social and political discourse within Russia. At the same time as you had all these new ethnographic ideas of the tripartite nation and a difference between northern Russia or great Russia and southern Russia or Ukraine and so you had thought leaders like Aleksandr Herzen, and Mykola Kostomarov who began to introduce the idea of Ukraine potentially existing independently of both Poland and Russia and historically having a more democratic identity than the Russians, although they shared a similar dialect were different than the Russians. Kostomarov wrote an important article titled “The Two Rus’ Nationalities,” which appeared in print in St. Petersburg in 1861 in the journal Osnova
