scientific minds insisted that if a machine could be taught to play chess well, surely the secrets of human cognition would be unlocked at last. This sort of thinking is a trap into which every generation falls when it comes to machine intelligence. We confuse performance—the ability of a machine to replicate or surpass the results of a human—with method, how those results are achieved. This fallacy has proved irresistible in the domain of higher intelligence that is unique to Homo sapiens.
