There are very few treaties that directly deal with cyber operations and those that have been adopted are of limited scope. Similarly, because State cyber practice is mostly classified and publicly available expressions of opinio juris are sparse, it is difficult to definitively identify any cyber-specific customary international law. This lack of cyber-specific international law does not mean, however, that cyber operations exist in a normative void. Both International Groups of Experts were unanimous in their estimation that existing international law applies to cyber operations, an
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