restriction on cyber activities that might otherwise be protected by international human rights law must be ‘necessary’, although States enjoy a margin of appreciation in this regard.456 To illustrate, it is generally considered necessary to restrict the exercise of freedom of expression online or the enjoyment of the right to privacy (Rule 35) in order to eliminate child pornography and child exploitation,457 protect intellectual property rights,458 and stop incitement to genocide.459 The International Group of Experts noted that with respect to the mass collection of electronic
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