Although only 1 percent of the Jews were professionals, these Jews accounted for 63 percent of the people employed in commerce as of 1921, and 56 percent of the MDs ten years later, along with 43 percent of the teachers, 33.5 percent of the lawyers, and 22 percent of the journalists and publishers. On the eve of World War II, firms owned by Jews employed more than 40 percent of the Polish workforce, and Jews paid 35–40 percent of Poland’s taxes.
