Creative destruction, a term coined by the Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter, denotes the process by which capitalism destroys old economic orders and reinvents them through innovation. Here’s an example of this process at work: innovations in refrigeration and transportation technologies enabled the creation of supermarkets, which ultimately put many smaller food shops out of business. More recently, Amazon, in its use of the Internet, its innovative approaches to shipping, and the creation of the Kindle reader, profoundly changed book selling.

