Pauling had succeeded in unlocking some of nature’s best kept secrets because he was dogged in his devotion to formal proofs—the kind of proofs that result in publications in major scientific journals and the kind of proofs that win Nobel Prizes. Stone had never received a valid scientific credential, never published a paper in a medical or scientific journal, and had graduated from a program in Los Angeles that taught that all human diseases were the result of misaligned spines. Yet Pauling accepted Stone’s revelations uncritically.