That was followed by the “Programming Era”—the 1950s to the present. “As populations grew, and economic and societal systems got more complex, [the] manual, mechanical-based systems just couldn’t keep up. We turned to software programmed by humans that applied if/then logic and iteration to calculate answers to prescribed scenarios. This technology rode the wave of Moore’s law and gave us personal computers, the Internet, and smartphones. [The] problem is, as powerful and transformational as these breakthroughs have been—and for a very long time—programmable technology is inherently limited by
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