Up until recently, it would have been the subject of pure speculation to talk about the early moments of the universe. After all, how do you study something that happened 14 billion years ago? And more important, how do you do experiments to verify your theories? It’s not like we can rerun the Big Bang for our scientific convenience. Fortunately for us, the Big Bang left a big mess. There are all kinds of clues and bits of rubble for us to analyze in detail. And in the last half century, our technology, mathematics, and physics theories have progressed to the point where we have started to
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