traditional approaches to nature and its conservation are no longer quite in sync with the environments we currently confront. But quite a few of them arrive at this conclusion by way of arguments that are diametrically opposed to McKibben’s. The idea that environmentalism should seek to protect natural ecosystems from human interference and, where possible, return them to what they were before modern (especially European) humans disrupted them is becoming harder to sustain as evidence mounts that indigenous peoples around the world have reshaped their environments far more extensively and
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