two major initiatives taken by government at the instance of Appleby. One pertained to the setting up of an Organization and Methods (O&M) division to scrutinize the procedures and so on. I had an occasion to see its work in the Finance Ministry in Delhi and as principal finance secretary in Maharashtra. It has had no impact whatsoever and has become just a pointless appendage. The second was to set up the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA) in Delhi as an apex institution to continuously review the working of the government and suggest reforms which need to be undertaken. This
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