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Colonial division of labor: specialization between a colony and its metropolitan colonizing country, exchanging primary products for manufactured goods, respectively,
Colonial project: term describing the general combination of political, military, cultural and economic forms of subjugation of the non-European world by European empires,
Commodity chains: a series of linkages between sites involved in producing part of an overall product for sale on the market,
Countermovements: social movements that challenge or resist the dominant paradigm,
Deindustrialization: reduction of manufacturing production and employment, via de-commissioning state enterprises, relocation to lower-wage regions, or displacement by “post-industrial” activities,
Dependency analysis: relational concept describing a “development/ underdevelopment” dynamic whereby colonial or post-colonial economies specialize in servicing metropolitan economies via trade and foreign investment dependence,
Development alliance: a multiclass coalition created by states through provision of patronage and social services to support rapid industrialization,
Development paradoxes: contradictory relations that question the claims of, and express the various social inequalities, environmental impacts, rights conflicts, cultural/aesthetic outcomes and practices crystallized in, the development process,
Development Project: an organized strategy of national economic growth, including an international system of alliances and assistance established within the competitive and militarized terms of the Cold War,
Development state: a centralized bureaucratic state inherited from colonial rule committed to managing national economic growth,
Ecological footprint: measured impact on the environment of economic activity,
Economic nationalism: a development paradigm favoring national regulation of economic development protecting domestic economic sectors, employment, and resources, and reducing external dependency,
Environmentalist’s paradox: a curious juxtaposition of rising living standards and declining environment health,
Export-processing zones (EPZs): specialized zones established by states to attract foreign investment in export production, with concessions such as cheap unorganized labor, infrastructural subsidies, and tax breaks,
Fair trade: a practice that includes social and environmental costs in the price of traded commodities, to adequately compensate producers and their habitats, and to render more transparent the conditions of producers and their relation to consumers,
First World, 44
Food-aid regime, 67–70, 69 (figure)
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): agreement signed in 1944 in Havana by the United Nations and implemented in 1947 to monitor and reduce obstacles to free trade among member nations,
Global North: current term designating a region of so-called “advanced/ developed” countries,
Global sourcing: accessing raw, produced and fabricated materials as part of a transnational economic relationship,
Global South: current term designating a region of so-called “less-developed” countries,
Globalization Project: an emerging vision of the world and its resources as a globally organized and managed free trade/free enterprise economy pursued by the largely unaccountable political and economic elite,
Green revolution: a technical package of bioengineered hybrid seeds, requiring chemical and mechanical inputs and irrigation designed to improve agricultural productivity in basic grains such as wheat maize and rice,
Group of 77 (G-77): a solidarity grouping of Third World states formed in the mid-1960s, overlapping with the Non-Aligned Movement, now numbering more than 120 states,
Human Development Index (HDI): UN term designed to broaden measures of development, in particular regarding education, health and well-being indicators,
Import-substitution industrialization (ISI): a strategy of protecting domestic industry through tariff and other barriers pursued initially to overcome the specializing effects of the colonial division of labor,
International Monetary Fund (IMF): the fund established under the Bretton Woods agreement of 1944 to correct balance of payments difficulties; more recently an agent of structural adjustment,
reforms, 76–77
Lean production: the rationalization of production arrangements, combining information technologies, craft work, and sweatshop labor, to supplement stable cores of workers with temporary labor outsourcing, to establish highly flexible arrangements for changing inventory needs,
Monocultural crops, 32, 33, 36, 38, 100, 132, 189, 207, 250, 258, 274
Nation-state system: a political unit defined territorially in which state organizations monopolize military power and govern citizens, in the name of development, in return for allegiance to the nation as an “imagined community,”
New agricultural countries (NACs): those middle-income Third World countries pursuing agro-industrialization and agro-exporting,
New international division of labor (NIDL): the growing specialization of some regions of the Third World in manufacturing for export,
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): a grouping of Third World states with radical leadership that steered an independent course between the two Cold War blocs from the mid-1950s,
Nongovernmental organization (NGO): private development agency usually geared to financial, educational, empowerment, skill provision, and development training assistance, with varying political impact, and sometimes unaccountable policy influence,
Privatization: selling off public property such as national transport systems public, services, and state-owned energy companies,
Second World: the designation for those countries belonging to the socialist bloc led by the Soviet Union in the postwar period,
Social contract: the redistributive ethic for securing a rights-based society respecting the dignity of each human being, where states (within cooperative international relations) are responsible for sustaining a just distribution of material and non-material needs,
Sustainability Project: an emergent set of quite diverse political, social and economic initiatives in the twenty-first century driven by the recognition and/or urgency of reducing biodiversity loss, environmental harm, human exposure to pollutants, and greenhouse gas emissions,
Third World: a designation for that set of countries belonging to the Non-Aligned Movement and/or the ex-colonies,
Underdevelopment: a concept describing the relational opposite of “development,” meaning this is a condition resulting from industrial exploitation through colonial or neocolonial relations,
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): the arm and voice of the Third World in matters of international trade, established in 1964,
Urban bias: the stereotyping of rural populations as backward and unproductive, and privileging of urban classes and manufacturing sector to legitimize development strategies,
World Bank: official title is International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD); formed in 1944 to channel public funds into large development projects, including infrastructural and energy loans, cash cropping, and more recently extractive reserve projects; it acts as a key debt manager via structural adjustment and governance conditions
World division of labor: a concept accounting for economic specialization across regions linked by migration, trade and investment relations,
World factory: the organization of TNC production across globally dispersed sites serviced by a global labor force,
World farm: a universalized form of agro-industrialization, via standardized packages of inputs (seeds, chemicals, machinery) sourcing monocultural crops, factory farms and acquaculture, oriented towards food, feed, fish and fuel exports,
World-system analysis: a holistic approach to understanding modern social change as governed by and constituting a historical world-economic system based in an unequal world division of labor, wherein core states and firms exploit peripheral states and peoples for economic advantage,
