incomplete or what Fareed Zakaria terms “illiberal” democracies can be dangerous both to those living in the country and to others.4 Incomplete democracies such as Russia, Turkey, and Iran have some but in no way all or even most of the attributes of mature or full democracies. Elections that take place in a context in which opposition figures are prohibited from standing for office or are denied equal access to media and resources along with the ability to organize if they do, or where the process of voting is in one way or another manipulated, can give some countries the appearance of being
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