Even the name Poland was wiped off the map; it became the Vistula Land. In Lithuania a military occupation razed recalcitrant villages to the ground, confiscated estates, and tortured and killed suspected rebels. Polish intellectual life was crushed; an entire generation of nationalists was taken out of circulation. Across the rest of Europe, these draconian measures caused shock and outrage and confirmed liberal opinion, not least in Britain, in its hatred and suspicion of the Russian colossus. Indeed, from the outset, the Polish uprising attracted sympathy from across Europe.
