The end in Vienna came quickly. On 16 October 1848, after Windischgrätz arrived in Olmütz, a new proclamation from Emperor Ferdinand condemned the ‘reign of terror’ in Vienna, in a deliberate reference to the events of 1793–4 in Paris, and gave Windischgrätz, who helped draft the document, full powers to restore order. An imperial army numbering 70,000 surrounded the city and cut off its food supplies. On 28 October it began a sustained bombardment,
