A number of countries already had universal male suffrage well before the end of the century. Greece was founded on the principle of votes for all adult men from its beginnings in 1829 (though it excluded the unemployed until 1877). In France universal male suffrage was introduced in 1848 and remained in place thereafter, while the German Empire brought it in for national elections on its foundation in 1871. Austria enfranchised all adult males in 1907 and Italy in 1912 following earlier, more limited extensions in 1882 and 1887. In Spain the Constitution of 1869 accorded voting rights to all
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