Across many western and central parts of Europe the formal institution of serfdom had come to an end under the egalitarian impact of the French Revolution of 1789, including Baden, Bavaria, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Schleswig-Holstein, Swedish Pomerania and Switzerland. In Württemberg, and in Latvia and Estonia, it was abolished in 1817. But in other areas it remained in force, including the Kingdoms of Hanover and Saxony, where the institution of serfdom was not abolished until the early 1830s; in Austria, Croatia and Hungary; in Prussia, where it continued in a weakened form until
...more
