Much greater scale. Great reduction in cost at every stage of production and distribution. In Ford’s case, this was achieved through the assembly line, whereas Kamprad organized the functional equivalent of an assembly line within his stores, with the customer doing most of the ‘assembly’, both in the store and at home. The beauty of Ford and Kamprad’s systems was that they became proprietary – peculiar to their own organization, excluding rivals. Once Ford had built the biggest factory in the world, there
