So in late-modern secularism (sometimes called postmodernism), we are no longer seen as free because we are God’s creation, nor because of our rationality and free will, nor because of unfolding historical processes moving the human race toward inevitable progress. Those had been the bases of freedom in the past, argued by Aquinas, Kant, and Hegel, respectively.9 Instead, for postmodern secular thinkers today, freedom is based on the discrediting of each of those very ideas.10 We are considered to be free because there is no cosmic order, there is no essential human nature, and there are no
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