four distinguished in India by Buddhist44 and non-Buddhist writers. In this account, (a) some Bauddha philosophers are nihilists (śūnya-vādī or Mādhyamika), (b) others are subjective idealists (Vijñānavādī or Yogācāra, (c) others still are representationists or critical realists (Bāhyānumeya-vādī or Sautrāntika), and (d) the rest are direct realists (Bāhyapratyakṣa-vādī) or Vaibhāṣika). The first two of the above four schools come under Mahāyāna and the last two under Hīnayāna. It should be noted, however, that under both Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna there are many other schools.45
