The five-membered syllogism may be thus illustrated: 1.-Ram is mortal (pratijñā); 2.-Because he is a man (hetu); 3.-All men are mortal, e.g., Socrates, Kant, Hegel (udāharaṇa); 4.-Ram also is a man (upanaya); 5.-Therefore he is mortal (nigamana). The pratijñā is the first proposition, which asserts something. The hetu is the second proposition, which states the reason for this assertion. The udāharaṇa is the universal proposition, showing the connection between the reason and the asserted fact, as supported by known instances. Upanaya is the application of the universal proposition to the
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