White Americans have benefited from some of the largest government handouts in history (beyond, of course, the stolen land and stolen labor). And even for those who have not directly received any of those white benefits, just being white meant access to live in, do business with, and benefit from communities that had created their wealth through such racially stratified and oppressive practices and policies. My brief account doesn’t even scratch the surface of the ways that the white dominant group has received concrete social, political, and economic benefits from racial oppression.
