Before moving on from this point, it is worth mentioning chronology. These verses promoting violence against Jews, Christians, and polytheists are all found in chapter 9 of the Quran, and according to the Islamic records, this was the last major chapter of the Quran revealed to Muhammad.6 The Quran’s last words and marching orders, as it were, are the most violent teachings found in its pages. This is especially important given the traditional Islamic notion of abrogation, which teaches that earlier verses can be cancelled by later ones.
