Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right

by Jane Mayer

Joseph Stiglitz, the liberal economist, described the 2008 financial meltdown as the equivalent for free-market advocates to the fall of the Berlin Wall for Communists. Even the former Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan, Washington’s free-market wise man nonpareil, admitted that he’d been wrong in thinking Adam Smith’s invisible hand would save business from its own self-destruction. Potentially, the disaster was a “teachable moment” from which the country’s economic conservatives could learn. This is not what happened, however. They instead started with their preferred conclusion and worked backward to reach it. In what the economic writer and asset manager Barry Ritholtz labeled Wall Street’s “big lie,” scholars at conservative think tanks argued that the problem had been too much government, not too little. The lead role in the revisionism was played by the American Enterprise Institute, whose board was stocked with financial industry titans, many of whom were free-market zealots and regulars at the Koch donor seminars. Specifically, AEI argued that government programs that helped low-income home buyers get mortgages caused the collapse. Ritholtz noted that these theories “failed to withstand even casual scrutiny.” There was plenty wrong with the government’s quasi-private mortgage lenders, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, but numerous nonpartisan studies ranging from Harvard University’s Joint Center for Housing Studies to the Government Accountability Office proved th...