In Philadelphia circa 1880, 75 percent of black families and 73 percent of white families were comprised of two parents and children. In Philadelphia circa 2007, “married-couple families account for only 34 percent of African American family households, while white married-couple families account for 68 percent of white family households,” according to the Urban League of Philadelphia. Was there less racism in America, structural or otherwise, fifteen years after the end of the Civil War than there was a year before Barack Obama was elected president? In 1847 Philadelphia—that is, prior to the
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