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February 13 - March 3, 2018
Willpower can also be depleted by overuse. Pushing effortful action too far can use up willpower temporarily, as it is a limited resource in the brain.
That result suggests the most effective use of self-control is to help us form good habits, which can then be performed again and again without much effort. This clever strategy gets around the key problem with willpower, its lack of persistence.
Intermitent fasting does not cause same reaction
Putting leptin into the brain restores normal blood sugar in both diabetic and leptin-lacking rodents,
Leptin and insulin decrease hunger
excess insulin in the pup’s brain interferes with development of the hypothalamus.
Leptin also regulates the birth of new neurons in the developing hypothalamus, the developing cortex, and the adult hippocampus, a region important for memory and spatial navigation.
Feeding a rat mother a high-fat diet during pregnancy and lactation increases the production of neurons in the pup’s hypothalamus that contain orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone, both of which act to increase food intake.
In adult mice, eating a high-fat diet quadruples the number of new neurons b...
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Both the children and grandchildren of mouse mothers that ate a high-fat diet during pregnancy show increased body length and reduced insulin sensitivity,
Persistent overproduction of cortisol leads people to gain visceral fat,
Visceral fat cells have more receptors for cortisol than fat cells beneath the skin,
these consequences are greatly reduced by inhibiting the actions of neuropeptide Y on visceral fat, even as the mice continue to overeat.
Depression leads to inflammation and persistent production of cortisol.24
People who score higher on a test of controlled eating also have shorter telomeres on their chromosomes,
however, as people who get regular exercise don’t show any effect of lasting stress on telomere length.30
That’s the stress trap: dieting makes people stressed, which makes it easier to gain weight, especially after the diet ends.
stress increases the release of ghrelin,
weight loss causes gene changes that increase the ability of mice to produce stress hormones,
these changes are not reversed when the mice are again allowed to eat freely and their weight returns to normal.
stress leads to overeating is by causing insomnia,
Cortisol increases in proportion to sleep deprivation,
People who are forced to spend ten hours in bed sleep for about nine hours, which researchers consider to be our physiological sleep need.
Sleep deprivation reduces leptin in the blood,
After sleep deprivation, their blood levels of leptin were 20 percent lower than after recovery.
sleep deprivation increases appetite is by causing the release of ghrelin.
Sleep deprivation also impairs willpower, making it more difficult to resist this increased hunger.
sleep loss also increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes,
insulin’s ability to control blood sugar is impaired by sleep deprivation,
A meta-analysis combined data from ten studies that followed more than 90,000 people for at least three years.41 Trouble staying asleep when the study began predicted an 84 percent increase in the risk of being diagnosed with diabetes before it ended. Other risk factors included trouble falling asleep (48...
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Daytime naps longer than an hour also increased diabetes risk by 55 percent, regardless of nighttime sleep length.
exercise triggers muscles to produce anti-inflammatory compounds.
grocery calorie labels be accurate only to within 20 percent.
For example, researchers put people on a diet of meat, eggs, and cheese, giving them 70 percent of their calories from fat and the rest from protein, with almost no fiber.15 Within a day, they had more Bacteroidetes, which are tolerant of bile, a secretion involved in fat digestion. At the same time, the Firmicutes, which digest plant starches, went down. A whole-grain, vegetarian diet had the opposite effects. These changes are similar to differences between meat-eating and plant-eating species. When the participants resumed their regular eating habits, their gut bacteria returned to normal
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A drug called fexaramine activates the FXR receptor, mimicking the effects of bile acids. When mice swallow this drug, it acts in the intestine to reduce weight gain in response to a high-fat diet, without decreasing the amount that animals eat.24
Unlike normal mice, germ-free mice do not develop insulin resistance on a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet.
These are the bacteria that produce a signal called lipopolysaccharide, which triggers the production of many inflammatory molecules, especially in animals fed a high-fat diet.
Other children with unrestrained appetites, likely due to their genes, have been subjected to weight-loss surgery as young as two and a half.
Framingham Heart Study,
Emulsifiers can also disrupt the mucus barrier that lines the intestine,
electrical impulses along the nerves would not conduct properly.
Cholesterol is needed to produce sex hormones and vitamin D.
children under two should get 50 percent of their calories from fat, and children older than two should get 25 to 35 percent of calories from fat.
Men have the same risks at the low end of the range defined as normal as they would at a BMI of 35 to 40.
age sixty-five, the health risks of obesity become balanced out by the benefits,
Another approach that may protect against inflammation is extended overnight fasting.
