In other words, it will do a student (or a child at home or an athlete or my patient or a factory worker) more good when he or she hears something to the effect of “What you are doing is really difficult. I am pleased with how hard you are working at this.” Or “You did well—you must have put a great deal of effort in to your work.” From an IPNB perspective, this approach addresses the mind as it is truly functioning. We know that learning is about apprehending things we do not know or are not skilled at. For most of us that process entails some degree of work, and the more complex the ideas or
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