In addition to the physical, other uses of force also qualify as punishment. One is the use of blame to discredit another person; for example, a parent may label a child as “wrong,” “selfish,” or “immature” when a child doesn’t behave in a certain way. Another form of punitive force is the withholding of some means of gratification, such as parents’ curtailing allowances or driving privileges. In this vein, the withdrawal of caring or respect is one of the most powerful threats of all.
Really resonates with my childhood experiences of being punished by my brother whenever i was "being annoying"... like each one of these non-physical punishments (as well as the arm punching which was also significant but probably much preferable to the others).
I'm kind of perplexed as to why I can't see or remember my parents punishing me in these ways much. But certainly coercive shaming was the norm from teachers and my brother.
