Five million years ago, the adoption of fabricated spears and digging sticks by our ape-like ancestors encouraged us to stand, walk, and run upright. This innovation eventually produced a radical restructuring of mammalian anatomy that freed the forelimbs from the duties of locomotion. With the free use of their powerful forelimbs and dexterous hands, our ancestors were able to control fire, fashion clothing, and build dwellings. These technologies liberated us from the need to live in the tropical environments where we originated and allowed us to populate the vast temperate regions of Europe
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