But one of the most intelligent examinations of the inadequacy of evidence against witches was by a nonconformist minister in Essex, George Gifford. He states clearly the decision-theoretic argument that it is “much better that some should be put to death wrongfully, than to leave only one witch, which might kill and destroy many” but replies that scripture requires us “to condemn none but upon sure ground, and infallible proofs, because presumptions shall not warrant or excuse them before God if guiltless blood be shed.”
