Those religions, too, that offer doctrines (as opposed to practices and wisdom) usually believe those doctrines are certain, doubt being often regarded as an insult to the God who has deigned to reveal the truth. But as history has progressed, it has been found impossible to ignore the fact that the more certainties that are offered by philosophy and religion, the more those supposed certainties conflict. In philosophy, one reaction has been moderate skepticism or fallibilism, which emphasizes the merely probable character of all theory and the sufficiency of probability as a guide to life.
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