Gerson obviously did not mean to suggest by “moral certainty” any more than the content of the Aristotelian remark that less certainty is to be found in morals than in mathematics. It is a dangerous phrase nevertheless, tending to suggest as it does that something that is not certain is certain. Just as a suspected criminal is not a kind of criminal, so moral certainty is not a kind of certainty. But there is an inevitable tendency to think it is. The problem is the same as in some modern philosophies of science that describe a theory against which there is (merely) statistical evidence as
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