Marching Orders: The Untold Story of How the American Breaking of the Japanese Secret Codes Led to the Defeat of Nazi Germany and Japan

by Bruce Lee

As mentioned earlier, this is the same error American intelligence made before Pearl Harbor. In 1941, Washington believed it would receive via the Winds Code and the Purple intercepts the information about when the Japanese would attack. Just as we expected Japan would attack somewhere around December 7, 1941, we also knew in late 1944 that Hitler would go on the offensive somewhere. Yet on both occasions we were badly surprised.