Islamist groups for trusting the United States in the first place and taking part in elections. “Anyone who calls for Islam while presenting [a system of] infidelity, such as democracy … is a kafir,” Zawahiri wrote in his widely circulated book, a critique of the Muslim Brotherhood entitled The Bitter Harvest: The Brotherhood in Sixty Years. “Whoever claims to be a ‘democratic-Muslim’ or a Muslim who calls for democracy … is a kafir.”
