notably limitless expression, a discrete combinatorial system (using a system of symbols whose coagulation forms disparate meanings), recursion (the internal embedding of syntax), and a memory system, as well as the creation of new sounds, arbitrariness, and the ability to convey information based on perceiving in advance what the listener already knows (called “social cognitive aptitude”). As Justin Gregg has persuasively demonstrated, bottlenose dolphins score reasonably well on many of these counts (cumulatively, they score a 20, about the same as chimpanzees, on a scale in which humans
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10 traits that constitute language
