The antimission Baptists went by many names: “Black Rock Baptists,” “Old School,” “Old Fashioned,” “Predestination,” “Particular,” and, more dismissively, “Square-Toed,” “Hard Rined,” “Broad-Brimmed,” “Ironsides,” and “Hard-Shell.” Most commonly, they called themselves “Primitive Baptists,” which to them meant biblical Baptists. One estimate suggests that by 1844 more than sixteen hundred antimission churches and sixty-eight thousand members had broken with the missionary Baptists. Most of this devastating exodus transpired in the South and Midwest.
