Joining these older groups were twentieth-century Baptist denominations often referred to as fundamentalist. Many of these emerged from the permanent rift created by the fundamentalist-modernist controversy. But some also emerged from the Landmark Baptist movement of the nineteenth century, and thus predate fundamentalism. In addition to the smattering of small Landmark denominations and some independent Landmark congregations, a small minority of Southern Baptist churches still hold Landmark views. It is difficult to say whether Landmark Baptists should be included among fundamentalists. Some
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