THE BLACK CULTURAL REVIVAL had many facets. There was Du Bois with his Pan-African Congress, petitioning major powers not only to grant a greater number of enforceable civil rights to blacks everywhere but also to decolonize Africa; there was Marcus Garvey, a forceful Jamaican orator and politician who sought to repatriate all African Americans to Africa in a movement appropriately named Black Zionism; and there was everything in between. It was a climate marked by bitterness and determination to break out of the racial boundaries set by white America—but, most important, it featured an
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