Nevertheless, a movement was born, radiating out from a simple one-paragraph statement in 1980. Other documents were used as well. Portenoy and Foley’s own 1986 paper about thirty-eight patients—citing Porter and Jick—was among them. So, too, was a 1982 survey of supervisors at ninety-three burn units that found no patients growing addicted to opiate painkillers, and a 1977 study of drug dependency in patients with chronic headaches. But it appears that none was cited, nor misinterpreted, as often as Porter and Jick.
