Maximinus, Tertullian, John Chrysostom and Aphrahat made the final, devastating move: that the Jews are Cain who, having murdered their brother, are now condemned to permanent exile. As the fourth-century writer Prudentius put it: ‘From place to place the homeless Jew wanders in ever-shifting exile…This noble race [is]…scattered and enslaved…It is in captivity under the younger faith.’15 It was an analogy much taken up by Augustine, and it served eventually to justify the expulsions of Jews from one country after another in the Middle Ages, beginning in England in 1290 and culminating in Spain
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