Embodied representations, as opposed to symbolic representations, do not face this problem. This has implications for the design of automobiles and any other instrument-implement that we use both to perceive and to act on the world. As Arthur Glenberg writes in the article I cited earlier, “embodied representations do not need to be mapped onto the world to become meaningful because they arise from the world.” They are “directly grounded by virtue of being lawfully and analogically related to properties of the world and how those properties are transduced by perceptual-action systems.”5 To
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