“We treat organisms—the parts at least—as if they were manufactured, as if they were designed, and then we try to work out their functions,” Ruse writes. “End-directed thinking—teleological thinking—is appropriate in biology because, and only because, organisms seem as if they were manufactured, as if they had been created by an intelligence and put to work.” 2 Surprisingly, even Darwin did not deny that the world looks as if it were designed. He merely argued that the appearance of design is misleading—that the same teleological order can be created by material forces instead.
