As a result, throughout the Second Temple and rabbinic periods, the Jews of the country were citizens of two parallel political systems. The first was the “civil” administration of the state, which was implemented on the local level by cities and villages and on the provincial level first by vassal kings (e.g., Herod the Great and Herod Antipas) and then by governors (e.g., the procurators/prefects of the first century CE). The second was the “national” or “religious” administration of the Jewish polity, which, for most of the Second Temple period, was led by the high priest.
