The technological changes of recent decades have led to a more interdependent and fast-paced world. This creates a state of complexity. Complexity produces a fundamentally different situation from the complicated challenges of the past; complicated problems required great effort, but ultimately yielded to prediction. Complexity means that, in spite of our increased abilities to track and measure, the world has become, in many ways, vastly less predictable. This unpredictability is fundamentally incompatible with reductionist managerial models based around planning and prediction. The new
...more
