Neither Punjab’s political leaders nor the all-India Congress tried seriously to unite Punjabis across the class divide between landed aristocrats and the rest, or across the communal divides. The Unionists tried to unite all large landowners irrespective of religion, but not the bulk of Punjabis. The Gandhi-led, Khilafat-linked movement of 1919-22 cut across all divides and penetrated all parts of Punjab but lasted for only three years.
